The Natural Selection Theory of Antibody Formation
Niels Jerne
This exerpt from Jerne's essay is the only portion relevant to the Work of the Mind after describing his eureka moment, he goes into technical detail on the field of immunobiology, which would be unnecessary to reproduce here.
"Can the truth (the capability to synthesize an antibody) be learned? If so, it must be assumed not to pre-exist; to be learned, it must be acquired. We are thus confronted with the difficulty to which Socrates calls attention in Meno (Socrates, 375 B.C.), namely that it makes as little sense to search for what one does not know as to search for what one knows; what one knows one cannot search for, since one knows it already, and what one does not know one cannot search for, since one does not even know what to search for. Socrates resolves this difficulty by postulating that learning is nothing but recollection. The truth (the capability to synthesize an antibody) cannot be brought in, but was already inherent."
The above paragraph is a translation of the first lines of Soren Kierkegaard’s “Philosophical Bits or a Bit of Philosophy” (Kierkegaard, 1844). By replacing the word “truth” by the italicized words, the statement can be made to present the logical basis of the selective theories of antibody formation. Or, in the parlance of Molecular Biology: synthetic potentialities cannot be imposed upon nucleic acid, but must pre-exist.
I do not know whether reverberations of Kierkegaard contributed to idea of a selective mechanism of antibody formation that occurred to me one evening in March 1954, as I was walking home in Copenhagen from the Danish State Serum Institute to Amaliegade. The train of thought went like this: the only property that all antigens share is that they can attach to the combining site of an appropriate antibody molecule; this attachment must, therefore, be a crucial step in the sequences of events by which the introduction of an antigen into an animal leads to antibody formation; a million structurally different antibody-combining sites would suffice to explain serological specificity; if all 1017 gamma-globulin molecules per ml of blood are antibodies, they must include a vast number of different combining sites, because otherwise normal serum would show a high titer against all usual antigens; three mechanisms must be assumed: (1) a random mechanism for ensuring the limited synthesis of antibody molecules possessing all possible combining sites, in the absence of antigen, (2) a purging mechanism for repressing the synthesis of such antibody molecules that happen to fit to auto-antigens, and (3) a selective mechanism for promoting the synthesis of those antibody molecules that make the best fit to any antigen entering the animal. The framework of the theory was complete before I had crossed Knippelsbridge. I decided to let it mature and to preserve it for a first discussion with Max Delbrück on our freighter trip to the U.S.A., planned for that summer.
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See Niels K. Jerne's “The Natural-Selection Theory of Antibody Formation: Ten Years Later” In “Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology” (1966), edited by John Cairns, Gunther S. Stent, and James D. Watson.